1. Daley GQ, Barabino GA, Ajijola OA, Bright CM, Rice VM, Laurencin CT. COVID Highlights Another Crisis: Lack of Black Physicians and Scientists. Med (N Y) 2020 June 24 (Epub ahead of print).
2. Mohsen H. Race and genetics: somber history, troubled present. Yale J Biol Med 2020;93:215–219.
3. Burchard EG, Ziv E, Coyle N, et al. The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1170–1175.
4. Cooper RS, Kaufman JS, Ward R. Race and genomics. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1166–1170.
5. Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS. Hidden in pain sight — reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms. N Engl J Med 2020;383:874–882.
6. Gutierrez KJ. The performance of “antiracism” curricula. N Engl J Med 2020;383:e75–e75.
7. Price-Haywood EG, Burton J, Fort D, Seoane L. Hospitalization and mortality among Black patients and White patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2534–2543.
8. Nei M, Roychoudhury AK. Genic variation within and between the three major races of man, Caucasoids, Negroids, and Mongoloids. Am J Hum Genet 1974;26:421–443.
9. Tishkoff SA, Verrelli BC. Patterns of human genetic diversity: implications for human evolutionary history and disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2003;4:293–340.
10. Banda Y, Kvale MN, Hoffmann TJ, et al. Characterizing race/ethnicity and genetic ancestry for 100,000 subjects in the genetic epidemiology research on adult health and aging (GERA) cohort. Genetics 2015;200:1285–1295.
11. Fu W, O’Connor TD, Jun G, et al. Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants. Nature 2013;493:216–220.
12. Campbell MC, Tishkoff SA. African genetic diversity: implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008;9:403–433.
13. Morales J, Welter D, Bowler EH, et al. A standardized framework for representation of ancestry data in genomics studies, with application to the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog. Genome Biol 2018;19:21–21.
14. Need AC, Goldstein DB. Next generation disparities in human genomics: concerns and remedies. Trends Genet 2009;25:489–494.
15. Popejoy AB, Fullerton SM. Genomics is failing on diversity. Nature 2016;538:161–164.
16. Gurdasani D, Carstensen T, Tekola-Ayele F, et al. The African Genome Variation Project shapes medical genetics in Africa. Nature 2015;517:327–332.
17. Kimmel SE, French B, Kasner SE, et al. A pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2283–2293.
18. Aquilante CL, Langaee TY, Lopez LM, et al. Influence of coagulation factor, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1, and cytochrome P450 2C9 gene polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirements. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79:291–302.
19. Perera MA, Gamazon E, Cavallari LH, et al. The missing association: sequencing-based discovery of novel SNPs in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 that affect warfarin dose in African Americans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;89:408–415.
20. Perera MA, Cavallari LH, Limdi NA, et al. Genetic variants associated with warfarin dose in African-American individuals: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 2013;382:790–796.
21. Limdi NA, Arnett DK, Goldstein JA, et al. Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on warfarin dose, anticoagulation attainment and maintenance among European-Americans and African-Americans. Pharmacogenomics 2008;9:511–526.
22. Kealey C, Chen Z, Christie J, et al. Warfarin and cytochrome P450 2C9 genotype: possible ethnic variation in warfarin sensitivity. Pharmacogenomics 2007;8:217–225.
23. Gage BF, Eby C, Johnson JA, et al. Use of pharmacogenetic and clinical factors to predict the therapeutic dose of warfarin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;84:326–331.
24. Victor RG, Lynch K, Li N, et al. A Cluster-randomized trial of blood-pressure reduction in Black barbershops. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1291–1301.
25. Gorbatenko-Roth K, Prose N, Kundu RV, Patterson S. Assessment of Black patients’ perception of their dermatology care. JAMA Dermatol 2019 August 21 (Epub ahead of print).
26. Powe NR. Black kidney function matters: use or misuse of race? JAMA 2020;324:737–738.
27. Tuot DS, Lin F, Shlipak MG, et al. Potential impact of prescribing metformin according to eGFR rather than serum creatinine. Diabetes Care 2015;38:2059–2067.
28. Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN. Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. J Card Fail 1999;5:178–187.
29. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2049–2057.
30. Temple R, Stockbridge NL. BiDil for heart failure in black patients: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration perspective. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:57–62.
31. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation 2017;136:e137–e161.
32. Echols MR, Yancy CW. Isosorbide dinitrate-hydralazine combination therapy in African Americans with heart failure. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2006;2:423–431.
33. Scharff DP, Mathews KJ, Jackson P, Hoffsuemmer J, Martin E, Edwards D. More than Tuskegee: understanding mistrust about research participation. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2010;21:879–897.
34. Ta R, Cayabyab MA, Coloso R. Precision medicine: a call for increased pharmacogenomic education. Per Med 2019;16:233–245.
35. Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy SC, et al. Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2081–2090.
36. Ioannidis JPA, Axfors C, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG. Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters. Environ Res 2020;188:109890–109890.
37. Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, et al. Genomewide association study of severe Covid-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1522–1534.
38. Zeberg H, Pääbo S. The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals. Nature 2020;587:610–612.
39. COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, a global initiative to elucidate the role of host genetic factors in susceptibility and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. Eur J Hum Genet 2020;28:715–718.
40. Mbow M, Lell B, Jochems SP, et al. COVID-19 in Africa: dampening the storm? Science 2020;369:624–626.
